Thursday, December 26, 2019

William Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing - 768 Words

Theatre has changed in over the years. Back then plays catered to the audience and to please the king. However, nowadays, plays are produced for money and audiences. In Shakespeare’s time, a lot of plays were written to center around politics and retelling of historical England and Europe. Shakespeare’s plays are written in prose. Shakespeare’s plays were also performed at playhouses around England. Today’s theatre shares many similarities with the production from Shakespeare’s time, however they markedly differ. There are indeed many differences, for example, language, gender roles, and venue. These differences would change the retelling of Much Ado About Nothing in Shakespeare times because of its modern production. First, language absolutely would have played a vital role in Shakespeare’s time. Today Shakespeare’s words have massively changed and lost its meaning in modern retelling theatre. The pronunciation, familiar and formal, and verb endings have lost its meaning. In the play, some characters like Claudio, Dan Pedro, and Beatrice indeed simply slip on â€Å"you† and â€Å"thou†. For example, in the modern retelling film, Claudio slips on thou, and Benedick on the other reflects on â€Å"you†. Claudio as well uses the formal you when Don Pedro joins him and Benedick. The formal â€Å"you† and â€Å"thou† was frequently used throughout the film. In Shakespeare’s time, â€Å"thee†, â€Å"thou†, â€Å"thy†, â€Å"thine† would have been used to form jokes. In the film, the scene about Benedick and BeatriceShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1204 Words   |  5 PagesI will be consider ing the role of the villain in Much Ado About Nothing, and will conduct rhetorical analyses that will proceed to view the perspective of the villain and his or her intentions. Much Ado About Nothing written by William Shakespeare intending this play to be a comedy. Although it is hard to comprehend the comedy within the play. The characters within this play are all linked together by having a relationship that looks like a telephone wire game. The characters dilemma develops anRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing2083 Words   |  9 Pagesin the end, there are millions of ways that each individual defines love according to their experiences. One individual in particular is Shakespeare, who is widely known for expressing the significance of love in various plays of his, as he portrays several branches of love such as friendship, parental love, and romantic love. In Much Ado about Nothing, Shakespeare demonstrates the ways in which Claudio and Hero’s love shows the triumph of imagination over intelligence compared to Benedick and Beatrice’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing898 Words   |  4 PagesBeatrice, Benedick, and Love in Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing is set in thirteenth century Italy. The plot of the play can be categorized as comedy or tragicomedy . Villainy and scheming combine with humor and sparkling wordplay in Shakespeare s comedy of manners. Claudio is deceived into believing that Hero, is unfaithful. Meanwhile, Benedick and Beatrice have a kind of merry war between them, matching wits in repartee. This paper will attempt toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1317 Words   |  6 PagesMuch to Do About Noting Deceit is the act of concealing or misrepresenting the truth. Deceit plays an important role in the plot of Shakespeare’s play Much Ado about Nothing. It also has a large influence on the relationships of the play. Much Ado about Nothing is a play written by William Shakespeare who is widely considered the greatest dramatist of all time. William Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. From roughly 1594 onward he was an important memberRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing3289 Words   |  14 PagesSection One Title Analysis: As an author, William Shakespeare had titles ranging from the light at heart and ethereal to the rigid and formal. The title, Much Ado About Nothing, is one such title that fits very neatly into his light at heart category. However this doesn t mean that the title doesn t reflect the story as in Shakespeare s other plays. His light at heart stories have titles that are just as reflective as his more serious titles. The title is an obvious indicator of the story thatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1516 Words   |  7 Pages Danielle Silfies An Issue of Deception and Morality In William Shakespeare s play Much Ado About Nothing, many characters lack moral values and use deception as a tool to get a conclusion that they desire. Deceit is a concept that most of the characters experience in some form throughout the play. It is used to get Benedick and Beatrice to realize their feeling of love and admiration for each other. It is also used to pull characters like Claudio and Hero apart multiple times. Deceit is usedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing And Hamlet1503 Words   |  7 Pagesthoughts, well-being, actions, and interactions with the other set roles. William Shakespeare’s plays included dissimilar characters and different methods of characterization. The two plays that will be compared and contrasted are William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing and Hamlet. As for the characters from each play, Beatrice, Benedict, Don John, Don Pedro, Claudio, and Hero will be assessed from Much Ado About Nothing and from Haml et, Hamlet, Claudius, Gertrude, Polonius, Laertes, and OpheliaRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing3544 Words   |  15 PagesWhen examining the plays written by Shakespeare there are many instances where the common theme of marriage is shows. In the times of the 1600’s the ceremony of marriage was very common and done in a very orderly and strict fashion. In those time there was no aspects of a genuine love and heart felt marriage but instead they were seen as an agreement between the two parties. In many of the works of Shakespeare many characters deal with the issue of marriage and you begin to see the toll if had onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1784 Words   |  8 Pagesis a witty, talkative character in Much Ado about Nothing. She is cousin to Hero, and also a close friend, however, she and Hero are very much dissimilar, as Hero is a gentle and quiet young woman. She has a very sarcastic and joking nature. We can tell a lot from h er first line. She says, ‘I pray you, is Signor Montanto returned from the wars or no?’ The pun used tells us that she has a wit and a joking manner. Also, we soon find out that she is talking about Benedick, therefore, giving us a hintRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing Essay1971 Words   |  8 PagesTransition in Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing, a comedy filled with differences between genders, witty banter between memorable characters Benedick and Beatrice, a plot of revenge that involves one character faking her death and let’s not forget the masquerade marriage that comes to readers at the end. Much Ado About Nothing, court politics while still maintain a profound amount of humor and wit. However, it is the honor and shame that is prominent in Much Ado About Nothing

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Homelessness - Speech Essay - 628 Words

Homelessness - Speech Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to begin by telling you a little story. Everyday, on my way to work, I come across this smart and neat young man selling the Big Issue. I never pay much attention to him and in fact would rather he wasn’t there at all making me think about all those people in the UK who, like him, are homeless. How many of you have ever felt that same way? Most of us try to ignore these people living in the streets who are forced to beg for money as if that solved the problem and made them disappear. But it doesn’t. So thinking about this, one day, I decided to help this young man and buy the Big Issue from him. That day I arrived late to work because I†¦show more content†¦Until he found a job at the Big Issue which was â€Å"a ray of hope in the middle of that dark misery†. As I listened to his story I found myself wondering how many Matt’s were there in the UK? How many other people had lost their homes and found themselves begging, selling magazines or just stumbling from one street corner to the next? How many of them could be someone like me? Government statistics talk about hundreds of thousands but in actual fact, they only include people who have applied to local authorities for help – usually families with children and especially vulnerable people. This means that people like Matt are not included in these figures and they represent 40% of homeless people. Homelessness includes all sorts of people, from those who are literally roofless to those who are forced to live in places such as bed and breakfast hotels, hostels, women’s refuges, squats, friends or relatives floors, etc and may also include women with no option but to remain in abusive or maltreating situations. How many people are then not taken into account? And, more important, how do we help all these people, because it is our duty as fellow citizens to transform these people’s miserable lives into prosperous and happy ones. Ladies and gentlemen, as you can see, the problem is far more substantial than itShow MoreRelatedEssay about Persuasive Speech: We Must Fight Homelessness 972 Words   |  4 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Specific Purpose:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To persuade my audience to help fight homelessness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Central Idea:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With more help for the homeless we can make America better for everyone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I. Imagine for a moment that youre not in this classroom. A. Instead your outside, but you not walking to class or your dorm, your living there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Imagine for a moment that you yourself are homeless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. You have no shelter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. When itRead MoreHomelessness Persuasive Speech1217 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is the condition of people that do not have a permanent place to live, like a house or an apartment. The issue of homelessness is not subjected to one area, but it is a worldwide problem. Homelessness can result by depending upon a countries economy, and their government because the officials often ignores the issue. Manila, Philippines has 22.8 million who reside in the slums, and 1.2 million of those people are children who live by peddling, or begging on the streets, (Castillo). TheRead MoreHomelessness and Childhood Development Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience homelessness in youth. Homelessness at such an early and integral stage in one’s life presents lasting consequences and we must work to better understand, prevent and reverse the effects of homelessness on children. â€Æ' Homelessness is a widespread issue that in recent years has only worsened with the downturn in the economy and a never-ending war. Of this very vulnerable population however there is within an even more vulnerable population, the children affected by homelessness. We as a societyRead MoreThe Effects of Homelessness on the Overall Self-Esteem of Homeless Youth1476 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is often characterized as adults living on the streets taking shelter beneath the interwoven overpasses of the city or standing alongside busy intersections begging for money. Yet, children, those under 18 years of age, are generally not associated with the homeless status as they are invisible, not seen by the general public with their homeless counterparts taking up residence in make-shift housing. Nonetheless, there is a large percent of youth who meet the guidelines for being deemedRead MoreHomelessness : An American Crime1276 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness: An American Crime Imagine that you are homeless. You live on the streets, roaming from place to place. The only clothes you own are the ones on your back and all your possessions fit neatly into a single trash bag. Your daily worries consist of where your next meal will be coming from, or if you are going to be able to find somewhere to sleep that night. You cannot even find a bench in the park to sleep on for fear that you will be arrested. You cannot ask kind strangers for money toRead MoreEssay on Should Homelessness Be Criminalized?1007 Words   |  5 Pagesas a counter. I am passionate about the social issue of homelessness, mainly because I was part of this population a decade ago. Applied Survey Research defines homelessness in part as, â€Å"An individual who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The sad fact is that there are not enough resources to adequately shelter America’s most vulnerable citizens. Many cities have passed ordinances that have cri minalized homelessness. These so called quality of life ordinances are meant toRead MorePersuasive Speech Essays1052 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Speech Introduction a. Attention Getter : When people ask me why I joined the military I think of all the reason that I did it for, but I think Toby Keith sums it up the best : â€Å" cause freedom don’t come free.† b. Topic : Freedoms come with a great cost but yet we still do not care for our veterans well enough c. Preview: Today I will tell you how veterans suffer from Post traumatic stress disorder or PTSD and cant get help, how veterans are homeless and why they areRead MoreEssay on Misconceptions About Homelessness1789 Words   |  8 PagesMisconceptions About Homelessness ?Over the past year, over two million men, women, and children were homeless? in America. (NLCHP) Homeless people face an intense struggle just to stay alive despite the fact that society turns its head from the problem. The government makes laws that discriminate against homeless people, which make it, illegal for them to survive. The mistreatment of homeless people is an issue that is often ignored in our community. When you see a homeless person on the streetsRead MoreResearch Study On Homeless People With Disability1182 Words   |  5 Pagessampling was used, in that sample will select physical (orthopaedic impairments), visual impairments, hearing and speech intellectual disability. A total of 60 HPWD were spoken to covering 87% single individual HPWD and 13% families. 32 males and 28 females overall were interviewed. In this research 63.3 % respondent have Orthopedic impairment, 18.3% visual impairment, 3.3% hearing and speech impairment and 15% respondent having intellectual impairment. Findings regarding the educational status of HomelessRead More Homeless Children Essay3565 Words   |  15 Pageseducational opportunities, than children who aren’t homeless. They are less likely to be able to contribute to society, as less than a quarter of homeless children graduate or receive well-paying jobs, making them trapped in a life of poverty. Child homelessness is the perfect portrait of poverty. Children are deprived of their basic needs – shelter, food, safety, and other resources – which are required for any individual to rise out a lifetime of poverty. In the United States, it is every individual’s

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Marketing Complex Business Environment

Question: Discuss about the Marketing for Complex Business Environment. Answer: Introduction: In the present complex business environment, ethics has emerged as one of the prime factors that can actually made serious impact on the business perspectives of the organizations. Business ethics is regarded as one of the most complex subjects that organizations have to face in order to sustain its position in the market. Maintenance of ethics in the marketing field focuses on the philosophy that includes all efforts made by the organizations. Ethics in marketing field seeks to highlight fairness, honesty and responsibility in all the implemented marketing strategies of the organizations. In this essay, the focus will be on two Australian pharmaceutical organizations namely Alphapharm and Prima Biomed. The essay will try to highlight all the major issues that these organizations are facing at the time of marketing their products in the global market. Main body: As per the article by Drumwright and Murphy (2014), ethics involved within the pharmaceutical marketing field is developed from the organizational ethics that is a matter of culture, accountability and system compliance. However, majority of the pharmaceutical organizations invest huge amount in the research and development process so that it can able to become first choice for the people. The focus two organizations have also tried to develop drugs to gain major share of the Australian market. Alphapharm is among the top pharmaceutical organizations in Australia. Therefore, the company always invests heavily on the effective utilization of the marketing strategy (Cui 2015). Furthermore, Alphapharm focuses on the development of new drugs as well. For that reason, Alphapharm always looks to utilize aggressive marketing strategy so that the new products can able to gain popularity in the market. However, huge investment creates lot of pressure for the marketers of Alphapharm to create instant popularity in the market. Many medicines of the organization are being advertised in television and other electronic medium. However, it creates ethical issues for the organization to manage (Fugh-Berman 2013). As medicine contains specific drugs, the people without any doctors prescription cannot consume it. However, aggressive marketing strategy of the organization has able to influence many people from all across the Australian market to purchase specific medicines to get instant relief from the minor diseases like headache, back pain etc. However, many health care professionals have highlighted the fact that utilization of aggressive marketing strategy in the pharmaceutical industry can create major health issues for the people. As aggressive marketing strategy able to improve the basic knowledge of the people regarding the use of a particular medicine, people tries to avoid visiting specialized professionals at the early stage of any disease. On the other hand, Alphapha rm invest huge amount on the effective utilization of research and promotional process. Therefore, it has become inevitable for the organization to utilize aggressive marketing strategy so that it can able to recover the invested amount effectively from the market (Dale 2016). Thus, it actually represents an ethical dilemma for Alphapharm to handle. On the other hand, marketing strategy of Prima Biomed is primarily focuses on the utilization of pharmaceutical sales representatives to gain major share of the market. As mentioned by Ahmed and Saeed (2014) pharmaceutical sales representatives play a critical part in creating popularity of a particular drug or medicine. Many studies have also mentioned that educating health professionals regarding the development of new drugs or medicine is probably the best possible way for the pharmaceutical organizations to enhance the popularity of the product. Prima Biomed has always tried to utilize pharmaceutical sales representatives effectively. The company always tried to provide all the detail information regarding every product so that health care professionals can able to refer to a particular product effectively (Ali and Al-Aali 2015). Thus, it can be assessed that marketing strategy of Prima Biomed heavily depends on the level of trust between the health care professionals and pharmac eutical sales representatives of the organization. In the present competitive business environment, every organization is looking to utilize the strategies that can able to provide greater market share. As a result, it induces organizations to consider unethical ways of improving the sales. For instance, increase competition level can actually influence pharmaceutical sales representatives of Prima Biomed to convey messages like they provide best medicines, which definitely can selection pattern of medicines for the health care professionals. Furthermore, it has been assessed that pharmaceutical sales representatives are also providing different types of bribe like gifts or monetary benefits so that they prescribe companys product for the patients (Adobor 2012). Furthermore, it has been identified that pharmaceutical sales representatives of Prima Biomed also providing free samples to influence doctors to prescribe specific drugs. Thus, it highlighted major ethical issue regarding t he marketing strategy of Prima Biomed. However, both the organizations are in the pharmaceutical business for a long time. Therefore, it can be said that both the organizations always able to maintain the quality of the medicine in an appropriate way. However, the marketing strategy of the both the organizations are creating major ethical issues. For instance, Alphapharm strategy of utilizing aggressive marketing strategy is influencing people to purchase medicine without consulting any health professionals (Mackey and Liang 2013). As a result, it can actually create serious health issues for the people. For that reason, it has become ethical responsibility for the organization to highlight the significance of consulting with any health care professionals before consuming any medicine. However, marketing strategy of Alphapharm does not focus on this perspective. Furthermore, Alphapharm also has to focus on ensuring that marketing strategy of the organization has able to maintain international standards in an effective way . Alphapharm also have to focuses on the scientific and accurate communication strategy with the people. Therefore, people can able to understand the kind of side affect it can have on the health of the patients (Civaner 2012). On the other hand, Prima Biomed ethical issue regarding marketing strategy has to focuses on the utilization of fully disclosed communication structure. Transparency in the communication between pharmaceutical sales professionals and doctors can actually reduce the possibility of misuse of any particular medicine. Furthermore, Prima Biomed also has to focus on the effective utilization of free sample so that it can able to help needy patients in an appropriate way. It has been identified that pharmaceutical sales representatives are looking to provide free samples to the health care professionals so that they recommended it to other patients (Thompson, Komparic and Smith 2014). As a result, majority of the free sample goes to insured patients. However, if Pri ma Biomed utilize these free sample for the poor patients, it can definitely able to enhance its present level of ethics. Thus, it actually can help to improve the image of the organization. In order to manage the ethical issue properly, both the organizations can select social media sites, as it allows organizations to create direct communication level with the potential customers. Thus, it will also help Alphapharm and Prima Biomed to increase the knowledge level of people. Moreover, it also help organizations to increase the transparency in the marketing strategy, which will definitely create positive impact on the ethical maintenance perspectives. Conclusion: The above discussion highlighted the fact that both the organizations are facing few ethical challenges regarding their marketing strategy. The present competitive business environment is making it even more difficult for both the organizations to make any change in their implemented marketing strategy. However, it is necessary for both the organizations to focus on the ethical sides of their marketing strategy so that they can able to maintain its position in the market. References: Adobor, H., 2012. Ethical issues in outsourcing: the case of contract medical research and the global pharmaceutical industry.Journal of business ethics,105(2), pp.239-255. Ahmed, R.R. and Saeed, A., 2014. Pharmaceutical drug promotion practices in Pakistan: Issues in ethical and non-ethical pharmaceutical practices.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,20(11), pp.1630-1640. Ali, A.J. and Al-Aali, A., 2015. Marketing and ethics: What Islamic ethics have contributed and the challenges ahead.Journal of Business Ethics,129(4), pp.833-845. Civaner, M., 2012. Sale strategies of pharmaceutical companies in a pharmerging country: The problems will not improve if the gaps remain.Health Policy,106(3), pp.225-232. Cui, G., 2015. Ethical issues in ethnic segmentation and target marketing. InProceedings of the 1998 Multicultural Marketing Conference(pp. 87-91). Springer International Publishing. Dale, O., 2016. Ethical issues and stakeholders matter.Addiction,111(4), pp.587-589. Drumwright, M.E. and Murphy, P.E., 2014. Ethical Issues of Social Marketing and Persuasion.The Handbook of Persuasion and Social Marketing [3 volumes],175. Fugh-Berman, A., 2013. How basic scientists help the pharmaceutical industry market drugs.PLoS Biol,11(11), p.e1001716. Mackey, T.K. and Liang, B.A., 2013. Pharmaceutical digital marketing and governance: illicit actors and challenges to global patient safety and public health.Globalization and health,9(1), p.1. Thompson, A., Komparic, A. and Smith, M.J., 2014. Ethical considerations in post-market-approval monitoring and regulation of vaccines.Vaccine,32(52), pp.7171-7174.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Small Systems Essays - Computer Storage Media,

Small Systems Research Paper Hard Drives In this day and age of faster computers and high-speed processors, it should only stand to reason that hard drives meet the same requirements as the rest of the computer technology world. A technological look and some tips on maintaining or troubleshooting hard drives is included below. By keeping up with the standard of needs of the industry we can be assured that our personal computers will have all the necessary space and the ability to access and save the data as required and in an efficient manner. The new DiamondMax? Plus 40 series from Maxtor can unleash your computer power with advanced technology and performance. Available in capacities up to 40 GB, these 7,200 RPM drives include Maxtor's unique DualWave? twin processor technology for a 10x boost in host command processing speed. Coupled with 2 MB of high speed 100 MHz SDRAM for the cache buffer and an UltraDMA 66 interface, give our DualWave-equipped hard drives superior benchmark performance and maximum throughput. As a result, they're an ideal choice for consumers working with large files, including audio and video applications. No matter how demanding your application, the new DiamondMax Plus 40 series delivers the ultimate in performance and capacity. With the popularity of multimedia, Internet and audio/video applications, more performance is demanded from desktop PC systems than ever before. System vendors are looking at all sub-components, including hard drives, as critical elements in increasing system speed and performance. As we go forward every part of the system will be called upon to improve throughput. The hard drive is a critical element in system performance, influencing how fast windows or Mac OS boots, how quickly applications launch, and the speed of loading large data or graphics files. Any operation that involves moving large amounts of information on or off the disk will reveal the importance of a high-performance hard drive. Many top PC manufacturers are expanding the use of 7200 RPM drives across all platforms and market segments. The performance achieved by 7200 RPM IDE drives also have made these drives a viable alternative to SCSI in traditional SCSI applications such as server and entry-level RAID. According to analysts at IDC, total worldwide shipments of 7200 RPM IDE drives is expected to be 16% of all IDE drives by the end of this year. This number is expected to be approximately 75% by the year 2002. The newly introduced DiamondMax? Plus 40 hard drives feature a 7200 RPM rotational speed along with other performance-enhancing features that generate faster overall system response times and performance. A Viable Alternative to SCSI,IDE 7200 RPM drives have made their way into the storage-intensive environment of graphic and video applications. The ability to achieve fast-sustained throughput is essential in high-end graphics and digital video content creation. 7200 RPM drives establish a new price/performance ratio in the professional graphic and digital video marketplace when compared to the SCSI alternative. Maxtor's 7200 RPM IDE drives incorporate a larger buffer to provide high-sustained data transfer rates that are important when working with large files such as multimedia and video. Maxtor is a leader in caching technology, employing sophisticated algorithms similar to those found in high-end SCSI drives. Maxtor's drives feature a 2 MB cache buffer incorporating a high-speed 100 MHz SDRAM memory, the same sort of memory found on today's high performance systems. Maxtor's 7200 RPM drives were the first IDE drives to be featured in a RAID level 5 configuration in an uncompressed nonlinear video editing system. The drive's high storage capacity, reliability and performance are well suited for this application. RAID level 5 provides protection against drive failures because in the event of a failure, the drive can be replaced without loss of data. This is especially critical in the video editing process, where 1 GB of storage typically holds approximately 1 minute of uncompressed video. The new DiamondMax Plus 40 drives include Maxtor's MaxSafe and ShockBlock reliability feature set for added protection against surface scan errors and shock and handling damage. This reliability set, when incorporated into a RAID level 5 configuration provides users in this market with unsurpassed protection against drive failures and potential loss from expensive downtime and data loss. The editorial community is taking notice of the SCSI-level